Given the engagement of Iran in the process for gaining membership in the WTO, the question that is worth considering is can Iran benefit from membership in WTO in order to accelerate its socio-economic development plans, given the dependence of the economy on crude oil and oil derivatives, which in total account for 90% of the country's exports.Many developing countries, including a number of oil exporting countries, joined the WTO during the 1990s in the hope of accelerating their socio-economic development by virtue of TRADE liberalization. The current study which uses the Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to study differences between countries that are members of WTO and non-member countries, does not demonstrate a meaningful difference in terms of diversity of export items or increasing specialization in the production of more complex products. It shows that oil exporting countries continue to be involved in exports of oil and its derivatives. It shows that WTO membership in itself does not generate any changes, but rather its beneficial effects are a function of specific policy interventions for changing the comparative advantage of the country away from production and export of primary products to production and export of complex products.

Sea shells are natural-biological objects. They are embedded in geological layers in the form of fossils, but also, to find in archaeological deposits as a result of human activities. Archaeologists can use the provenance of shells in the functional analysis of ancient sites in terms of social archeology and prehistoric trading activities. Aarcheological excavations in several sites of the Iranian Plateau have shown that from the 3rd third millennium B.C. onwards, finds of of sea shells (e.g. Lambis, Dentalium, etc.) rapidely increased. Such shells were for instance discovered from ritual cemetery contexts such as Shahdad, Tepe Hesar, Kale Nisar cemeteries or Bani Surma. These objects are mainly used as natural or polished shells. In some cases, they served as a raw material for making all kinds of beads, buttons, and other ornamental objects.. The main question is to understand the relationship between the use of seashells and archaeological context, and also, their role in Bronze Age ritual life. In this article, the descriptive, analytical method has been used in the biological recognition of all types of shells. This method is also used based on similar studies on this issue in Mesopotamia's archeology of the Sumerian-Akkadian period. The distribution of recognizable species shows that these objects are concentrated in the settlements from south to southeast of Iran in the coastal strip of the Persian Gulf, and from the Oman Sea to the Zagros intermountain valleys, as well as in the northwest and northeast of Iran. The biological origin can be placed in the northern shores of the Oman Sea to the Gulf of Kutch on the northern coast of the Indian Ocean. It seems that with the growth and development of urbanization in Southwest Asia and especially the development of sea TRADE, oysters have been TRADEd as valuable GOODS and other prestige GOODS. The importance of the shell findings is more than the value of the shells themselves because they were used as sacred GOODS in religious affairs. Analysis of the fields where the shells were discovered is more related to cemeteries and temples as sacred spaces. Also, the significant presence of Lambis shells for the production of specific ritual bowls, placed together with bronze axes in graves, can be seen as the reflection of a patriarchic tradition in the social-political organisiation of the third and second millennia B.C. Despite many excavations and the discovery of many samples of these types of shells, no furthergoing investigation on these specific objects was undertaken so far. This desideratum reveals more valuable findings in the archeology of the Iranian plateau. Therefore, one of this article's final goals is to focus more on analyzing the context of the discovery of seashells in future Excavation

This article refers to one of the controlling instruments of the governments, which is applied to encounter with any imbalance and unfairness in contractual relationships, arising out of producing, manufacturing and distributing of dangerous industrial GOODS and services, i.e inspection of GOODS and services.In the first chapter, the author refers to the historical background of inspection, specially in Islamic Laws and Iranian Civil Law, and explains how internal and dependent inspection entities such as quality control departments were established and the problems which they were faced. Then by rendering a new definition for inspection, discusses about the position of inspection of GOODS and services in International TRADE and also in legal systems of countries, specially in Iranian Legal System and Common Law.In the second chapter, the field of activities and services rendered by such entities, including pre- shipment inspections and inspection for special purposes are studied.In the final chapter, the author refers to the objects of such inspection form the point view of parties to the sale contract and of the governments and also point of view of other entities which are somehow benefited form inspection.At the end, establishing balances in the contractual relationship of the parties involved is introduced as final purpose of such inspection.

In this paper, the effects of TRADE and exchange rate policies on the exports of industrial GOODS is estimated using a panel of 9 subsections of industrial sector of Iranian economy. Also, separate equations for the export of industrial GOODS, and for their imports are also estimated. In the export equation, the effective exchange rate and import tariff rate are directly entered, and the negative impact of import protection on the export side is estimated. Furthermore, in this equation, the input ratio (K/L) is also entered to specify the reaction of exports to factor accumulation. Export price function is also regressed on effective exchange rate; real wage and investment to output (i/y) ratio, but export prices do not show any reaction to (K/L). Import equation is defined in terms of tariff rate, K/L, i/y, and effective exchange rate. This specification is different from previous ones and estimated using new data. Results show negative, relatively large, impact of import tariffs on exports, and positive effects of devaluation on exports as large as half the effects of imports. Therefore, according to Edwards (1988), imposing higher tariffs could lead to further reduction of exports. Negative impact of tariffs on imports is as large as that on exports, and devaluation has negative impact on imports, up to half the effects of tariffs.

Although in the mid- twentieth century, the international community and law accepted and approved freedom of TRADE among nations as a fundamental principle and to enact it implemented international mechanisms and although the right of all states to peaceful uses of nuclear technology and international community duty to global development of this technology were confirmed in various international instruments, imposing some limitations and exceptions to this principle in some international documents related to the export and import of nuclear materials and broad albeit apparently judicial interpretation of the advanced nuclear states of these conditions and exceptions, led the free flow of GOODS in international TRADE to face discriminatory restrictions in practice. This caused doubt and uncertainity regarding applicability of the principle of freedom of international TRADE in nuclear materials. The present article focuses on the study and evaluation of the legal system of international TRADE of nuclear materials and its constraints within the framework of the WTO, as well as the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons rule.

In economic, investment and TRADE dimensions, India has a dynamic and growing position in the international economy. With the formation of a TRADE cooperation agreement, especially a preferential TRADE agreement between Iran and India, significant non-economic, economic and TRADE benefits can be achieved. This study aims to provide answers to the questions of the state of bilateral TRADE between Iran and India, and in the past decade, have the changes in bilateral TRADE been due to the effect of diversion or the creation of TRADE? The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the development of bilateral TRADE between Iran and India. For this purpose, criteria such as “estimation of TRADE capacity” and “calculation of TRADE creation and diversion” for the development of bilateral TRADE during the period 2020-2010 have been assessed and evaluated. According to calculations, Iran’s export capacity to India is equivalent to $B21, which according to the current amount of exports, about 88.6% of this potential has not been realized. Also, 90% of these GOODS are intermediate and about 10% are consumer GOODS, which have average tariffs of 9.5% and 28.6%, respectively; It seems that the reduction of India’s tariffs within the framework of the preferential TRADE agreement could pave the way for an increase in Iran’s exports to India. Also, the results show that the increase in the share of bilateral TRADE between Iran and India was not in line with the development of Iranian TRADE, and the development and deepening of bilateral TRADE did not lead to the development of Iranian TRADE. The analysis of the results shows that the lack of development of bilateral TRADE is due to the TRADE structure of Iran, and at present the possibility of developing bilateral TRADE between Iran and India seems weak. Of course, by upgrading Iran’s economic-commercial structure, it will be possible to take advantage of bilateral TRADE and economic-commercial convergence.

As economic integration in East Asia progresses, TRADE patterns within region are displaying an ever–greater complexity. Although inter–industry TRADE still accounts for the majority, its share in overall TRADE is declining. Instead, intra–industry TRADE (IIT), which can be further divided into horizontal IIT (HIIT) and vertical IIT (VIIT) is growing in importance. In this paper, we set out and examine different kinds of intra-industry TRADE between Iran and G-8 member states by comparing the Greenway, Hine and Milner (1994) and Fontagne and Freudenberg (1997) approaches to disentangling vertical and horizontal intra–industry TRADE. Then we introduce and examine a new index from Azhar and Elliott to define product quality types between Iran and G-8 members for the time of 2001-2009. Result shows that a significant share of Iran’s industry TRADE with G-8 state members has been assigned to vertical intra industry TRADE. With regarded to Azhar and Elliott index, the main share of intra-industry TRADE consists of low quality GOODS.

Deepening economic integration with Islamic countries and developing technology have been emphasized as two important plans by the “Sanade Cheshm Andaze 20 Saleye Iran I.R.”. In this paper, we examine the consistency of these two aims. Indeed, we want to know if these two plans go in the same direction, or they should be followed independently. Based on recent theoretical and econometric developments, we use an empirical gravity equation to estimate the Iranian bilateral export and import potentials with ISWA countries. The results show that Iran does not share great TRADE potentials with those countries in high-tech. industry. The total export potential of the country is about 43 million US-dollars, contrary to 100 million US-dollars for its import potential. In addition, these potentials are unequally distributed among the Iranian ISWA partners. In short, Turkey, Pakistan, Bahrain, Qatar, Egypt, Azerbaijan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and United Arab Emirates are recognized as the most suitable TRADE partners for Iran in the group.

The aim of This study is to estimate the flow of TRADE in the Persian Gulf region using panel data regression over the period 2000-2015, and to simulate the regions’ TRADE flow until 2025. Based on the estimated results, the role of variables such as the price of crude oil, GDP, oil exports was more important, than the role of variables such as exchange rate, population and production in the region's trading partners in explaining the flow of TRADE. Based on the simulations in different scenarios, the volume of TRADE in the Persian Gulf region is forecasted between 1, 500 and 1, 900 billion dollars up to 2016 horizon. On the other hand, the TRADE balance of the region will be between 450 and 650 billion dollars, between 44 and 58 percent of total oil exports. In general, this research indicates that the dependence of the region's TRADE flow on the exports of oil, so that any change in the position of oil in the global market affects the region’ commercial development. On the other hand, the existence of this volume of business turnover in the region can be considered as the basis for logistic planning to create employment and income.

Foreign TRADE in essential GOODS in the country has faced the most sanctions in the past two decades, significantly impacting market stability, economic welfare, and food and social security. Therefore, it is one of the most important challenges policymakers face. The aim of this research is to provide a model for analyzing foreign TRADE policy of essential GOODS under economic sanctions. This study is applied-developmental in nature and employs a cross-sectional survey method for data collection. The research participants consist of executive officials, policymakers, and university professors related to the subject. In the qualitative section, insights from 15 individuals were utilized, while 183 participants contributed to the quantitative section of the study. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-designed questionnaire. For data analysis, a grounded theory approach was used in the qualitative section, and Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed in the quantitative section. Given the positive and significant relationships among the identified components, the proposed model is relatively comprehensive and complete based on the implications and characteristics of foreign TRADE, making it more suitable than other models presented by experts, especially those designed for non-commercial societies.